What causes spalling brick?
Spalling brick occurs when moisture gets into the brick and repeatedly freezes and thaws. In Toronto, this is one of the most common causes of brick deterioration because our climate experiences frequent freeze-thaw cycles throughout the fall, winter, and early spring. As water soaks into tiny pores and cracks in the brick, it expands when temperatures drop below freezing. This constant expansion and contraction puts pressure on the brick from the inside, eventually causing the face of the brick to crack, flake, chip, or crumble.
Several factors can contribute to spalling brick:
- Repeated freeze-thaw cycles
- Excess moisture from rain, snow, or poor drainage
- Deteriorated mortar joints
- Aging brickwork on older Toronto and heritage homes
- Improper repairs or incompatible replacement materials
- Damaged flashing, chimney caps, or caulking
- Road salt and de-icing chemicals
- Poor drainage around the foundation or masonry